Dantes Inferno The Levels of Hell

Level One According to Dante, there are various levels in hell. The first level in Hell is called Limbo. All the individuals who die before being baptized and those who live as virtuous pagans are condemned to spend the rest of eternity at this level. The people being referred to in this level are those who die before accepting Christianity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dante’s Inferno: The Levels of Hell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All the individuals who die non-Christians, including philosophers who typically do not associate themselves with any religion are going to be condemned to this level for eternity. Some of the examples that provided by Dente include famous philosophers like Socrates and Plato. This level is therefore the least severe in terms of punishment and is the farthest from Satan. Level Two The second level is known as lust and consists of the desperate and the despondent. All th e sinners who will be found to be guilty of lust will be condemned to this level for eternity. The souls of all the individuals found guilty of this sin will be scattered and blown about without any hope of rest.1 In this level, people will be subjected to eternal unrest and hopelessness. This level is the second farthest circle from Satan and is slightly harsher than the first one, but is not as cruel as the other circles that follow. Level Three The third level consists of gluttons who will be forced to eat and lie down in vile places. In addition, the gluttons will also be subjected to freezing slush, which is allegedly similar to the harsh environment subjected to pigs. The character considered to be the head of this group of gluttons is Cerberus. The conditions at this level will be like clumps of mud and other deplorable areas. The gluttony level will be harsher than the previous two levels and this means that the level of torture subjected to the culprits will also be higher. In addition, the surroundings will be characterized by dirt, filth and other bad states. The gluttons will be subjected to states similar to those that pigs experience in this world. Level Four The fourth level will consist of misers and spendthrifts who will be subjected to roll stones to crash them completely. Since they are used to abusing material goods, they will be subjected to stones crashing against each other. Avaricious and prodigal individuals will not be counted among the righteous, but will instead be subjected to banging rocks for eternity. This will be a punishment for spoiling the goods in this world. One of the supernatural beings perceived as a possible leader in this category of people is Plutus, the Greek god.2 The Greek god is perceived to be the luminary of all spendthrifts and misers, and this god will lead all its followers towards this crash. This level will be more severe in terms of punishment than all the other preceding levels.Advertising Looking f or essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Level Five The fifth level allegedly consists of the individuals guilty of wrath and sullenness. The wrathful are regarded as those who fight each other and they will be subjected to eternal conflict against each other. Anger and fury will be considered to be part of the fifth level and the perpetrators of these two acts will be subjected to various conflicts in opposition to each other. The wrathful will be condemned to the river of hate known as Styx and this will bring about various sullen lies under the marshy surfaces. The sullen anger will be concealed just as their tempers were silently concealed behind their lives. They will be subjected to unending conflicts between each other and there will be no chance of peace in this level. Since the involved individuals will be subjected to various conflicting scenarios, this level is considered as more severe that the previous ones. Level Six The sixth level will seize all followers of heresy and those who stand for opinions and doctrines that go up against Christian beliefs. All the people who oppose the church and profess opinions that differ from those that are in line with Christian doctrines will be condemned to suffer under this level. Examples of the heretics are Farinata and Epicurean, which are groups of people who presume the soul does not exist.3 These people believe that the core objective of humanity is engaging in pressure. The people who will fall in this category are those who will have developed different opinions and objectives that contravene Christianity. Individuals condemned to this level will have to spend their lives in burning graves for eternity. The punishment in this level will therefore be more severe than in the previous ones. Level Seven The other level in hell is the level that will hold all offenders of vicious crimes and perpetrators of all forms of violence. On e of the forms of violence addressed in this level is that against one’s neighbors.4 This type of violence will hold for all people who wage war against people who are close to them. The other form of violence will be that against oneself. All the people who will be found to have engaged in violent activities against themselves will be subjected to the same punishment experienced by any other violent group. In addition, those who will be found to have acted violently against God will also be subjected to similar punishments, just like any other person condemned to this level. In this level, there will be various rings that one will be subjected, which vary based on the various category of violence. The first ring will consist of those who are violent against others while the second one will be made of individuals who perpetrate violence against themselves. The third ring will include all the persons who perpetrate violence against God. Blasphemy and denial of God’s wor d are considered as some of the most serious crimes under this level.5Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dante’s Inferno: The Levels of Hell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Level Eight The individuals who will be found to have committed fraud will be subjected to the eighth level in hell. The panderers and seducers are some of the main players who will greatly feature in this level. The sorcerers and false prophets who are guilty of the same crime will also be subjected to similar punishments as stipulated under the eighth level. Other persons such as the liars and thieves will also be condemned to suffer in this level. Diomedes and Ulysses are some of the characters who are considered as possible leaders of this level. Level Nine The last level and the closest to Satan is that of treachery. In this level, the individuals who will be condemned are those who betray special relationships, including all trait ors to family members, those who betray their country, those who are disloyal to their guests and those who conspire against their masters. Cain, Judas, Ptolomea and Guelph, are considered as the potential leaders of all the people who will be condemned to this level. This level is therefore considered to be the most severe in terms of punishment as compared to the rest. Bibliography Dante’s Inferno. â€Å"The Levels of Hell.† Danteinferno.info. n.d. Web. Eileen, Gardine. Visions of Heaven Hell before Dante. New York: Italica Press, 1989. Goff, Jacques. The Birth of Purgatory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. Himmelfarb, Martha. Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. Thompson, Diane. â€Å"World Literature I (Eng 251): Dante’s Inferno Study Guide.† Northern Virginia Community College. Last modified 2007. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Footnotes 1 Jacques Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 12. 2 Gardiner Eileen, Visions of Heaven Hell Before Dante (NewYork: Italica Press, 1989), 26. 3 Himmelfarb Martha, Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), 20. 4 Diane Thompson, â€Å"World Literature I (Eng 251): Dante’s Inferno Study Guide,† Northern Virginia Community College. Last modified 2007. 5 Dante’s Inferno, â€Å"The Levels of Hell,† Danteinferno.info. n.d. This essay on Dante’s Inferno: The Levels of Hell was written and submitted by user Ka1ley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Son of the Revolution essays

Son of the Revolution essays The struggles that Liang Heng went through in the story Son of the Revolution during the reign of Mao are an incredible story of loyalty towards political Party versus family. You can slowly see how Liang Hengs absolute loyalty towards Socialism is slowly swayed through personal trauma and strife as he slowly starts to disregard what the Party says and puts him and his family first. During the time of the Hundred Flowers Campaign, the party urged the masses to speak out and criticize the Partys shortcomings. Liang Hengs mother was originally skeptical about speaking out but after the urging of her superiors, she decided to speak out to please the Party. She said that her Section Head sometimes used crude language and liked to criticize people, that he should give his housekeeper a bed to sleep on instead of making her sleep on the floor, and that sometimes when it came time to give raises, the leaders didnt lead to the masses opinion (page 8). The Hundred Flower Movement then suddenly switched to the Anti-Rightist Movement in which every unit was given quota to find a certain number of rightists to meet and Liang Hengs mother name was a part of her unit quota, she later found out this label was attached to her because of what she had written in The Hundred Flower Campaign. She was sent away for labor reform which was the first division of his family. This incident not on labeled Lings mother as a rightist but his entire family. Liang Hengs father a firm Party supporter did not believe the Party could be wrong and divorced his wife and forbid his children to see their mother to try and distance themselves from her as much as possible, and clear the family name, as soon as his mother was reformed his parents divorced. Although the family cut off their ties with their mother Liang Heng and his family were permanently labeled as having a rightist mother. Two years later hi...

Report on The Green Tea whitening Series Launching Program Assignment

Report on The Green Tea whitening Series Launching Program - Assignment Example In the scanning process, it evaluates the three major competitors of Ginvera. It also gives the result of SWOT analysis. The planning stage also outlines the best marketing strategies for the launching program. It gives detailed findings by describing the best planning process for the launching event. The doing stage states how the marketing team would implement the plans for the launch, and how they would evaluate the success of the event. It concludes with the finding and gives recommendations on how the organization could improve on the launching program. Dr.Tor Lam Huat established The Ginvera Beauty Company in 1985. It originated from Singapore but with time, it has grown and established itself in more than fifteen countries, including Europe. The majority of the consumers associate this company to its Bio-essence products, such as the face lifting cream, and the wide range of products it has launched in the past (Kimoko, 2011). The beauty products involve skin care, body care a nd hair care products. The company’s mission is to be a caring and innovative organization that brings youthfulness and beauty to the public (L.D.Waxson (S) Pte Ltd, 2013). It has a special concern for its consumers and, therefore, strives to manufacture products that are safe and user friendly. It has a vision of being the leading global manufacturing organization for beauty products (Group History, 2013). The company has manufactured a new product, The Green Tea whitening Series. The skin care product protects the skin from damage from the sun’s rays because of its green tea content that delays the oxidation process, hence, an anti-aging product (L.D.Waxson (S) Pte Ltd, 2013). Therefore, the company had to conduct market research to identify the target market, the best location for the launching event, the best product price, placement and competitors. The researchers collected data through interviewing consumers who used the Ginvera Beauty Products, issued questionn aires to randomly selected consumers from the social media and benchmarked the Injex U.K Ltd that was about to launch its new SHIREEN-Poring cosmetic treatment, which was also an anti-aging product (Jonathan, 2013). The Scanning Phase The research showed that the beauty world is dynamically changing and therefore the best planning framework is the strategic planning process because it is cost-effective and aids employees to adapt to the demanding market. The process involves three phases: the Scanning, planning and doing phases (Gru?nig & Ku?hn 2005, p67). The scanning phase ensures there is an evaluation of the market. The marketing department, in this phase, has to collect and analyze data, which would affect the launching program positively or negatively (Ottman 2011, p121). The collection and analysis of data would ensure that the event is at par with the vision and mission of the organization. From the Shireen benchmark results, the marketing manager has to ensure that the comp any analyses its competitors in order to identify its strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats in the market. Competitors There are three major competitors in the market (L.D.Waxson (S) Pte Ltd, 2013). The Ganga Prasad Puneet Kumar has a large product line. It has a better financial position than the Ginvera hence a larger production capacity. Its high level of experience in the R&D department enables it in the production of more innovative products that stand out in the market. An advantage of Ginvera over the company is its high marketing strategies and attractive packaging. The Radico Fashion Pvt Ltd poses as

Peer review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer review - Coursework Example why the University of Marion introduced the LessThanUThink campaign in order to sensitize students on the importance to focus on their studies rather than engage in irresponsible activities such as excessive alcohol consumption. The author should include the effects of alcohol on student performance and graduation rate. It is significant to note that as discussed in the proposal, the author gathered evidence from University students that they usually consume very large volumes of alcohol mostly during the weekends to get wasted. According to them, they do this for fun and an individual can end up guzzling up to over ten drinks in a night. However, this heavy drinking results in personal tragedy for college students and their families. Yes, the draft proposal persuades in the way the author has answered the problem of the proposal. The author has stated the reasons why the campaign was launched. The campaign in the University was successful since after the campaign was launched, it has assisted educate students when others engage in irresponsible drinking. There is no need for change or reorganization of the paper but the author should state the research design of the study and the methods they used to gather information about binge drinking in the University of Marion. The author was very keen and specific thus they avoided any form of repetitiveness. The most interesting part is the statistics about the past drinking behavior of students at the University of Marion. The statistics were shocking and needed immediate intervention to avoid further damage to the students and the reputation of the University. For example, I learned that about 25 percent of college students report academic consequences of their drinking including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades

Summary and response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary and response - Essay Example of the 21st century depends directly on its young generations’ ability to make use of the knowledge that was presented to them in schools and other educational and training institutions. He remarked that not only scientific and technical, but also purely economic and business advancement of the U.S. are strongly dependent on the new generations’ capacity for making rational and creative decisions. And for this end, the high-quality education, and the students’ resolve to attain it, is indispensable. I would note that Barack Obama’s speech underscored the planned administration’s policies aimed at boosting the youngsters’ resolve to follow through their school years without dropping out. The main concern that may have been discerned in the speech is that over the youth’s contribution to the society’s performance in such fields as the economy and science. Both fields are greatly affected by the current crisis; therefore, it is natural that the President should draw attention to them in his

Techniques For Airflow Rate Measurements

Techniques For Airflow Rate Measurements My company is setting up an experiment to measure the airflow rate in a duct. Airflow measurement techniques are necessary especially in many industries. Some of the common airflow measuring applications include ventilation testing, air balancing, ductwork, air planes and so on. Many research and studies have been put into improving and inventing new equipments to measure air flow. This is so to enable user to get the most accurate result and at the same time using the least cost. This report outlines the different airflow measurement techniques and devices that are available today. There are many different types and ways to measure air flow but I will concentrate on those that are more popular and commonly used. They are the Pitot-tube, Orifice plate, Venturi meter, Cup anemometer, Sphere anemometer and Hot-Wire anemometer. Techniques and devices for airflow rate measurements 2.1 Pitot tube A pitot-static tube is used in wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes to measure the air flow rate. It is also used in many industrial applications. It was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 1700s and was later modified to its modern form in the mid 1800s by French scientist Henry Darcy. It is a slender tube that has two holes on it (Figure 1). The front hole is placed in the airstream to measure whats called the stagnation pressure. The side hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference between these pressures, we are able to get the dynamic pressure that can be used to calculate the air velocity. By Bernoullis principle, Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure Solving that for velocity we get: Where V: fluid velocity; pt: stagnation or total pressure; ps: static pressure; à Ã‚ : fluid density Figure 1: Pitot-Static Tube The incorporation of sensors to measure the air temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity can further increase the accuracy of the velocity and flow measurements. The Pitot tube can also measure the velocity with the use of a pressure transducer that generates an electrical signal which is proportional to the difference between the pressures generated by the total pressure and the static pressure. The volumetric flow is then calculated by measuring the average velocity of an air stream passing through a passage of a known diameter. When measuring volumetric flow, the passage of a known diameter must be designed to reduce air turbulence as the air mass flows over the Pitot tube. To obtain an estimate of the volumetric flow in the duct from a series of pitot-static tube velocity measurements, one must integrate the velocity over the duct area. There are many of different methods for approximating the above integral. One of the methods is to divide the duct cross-section into a number of equal area sectors, and then measure the average velocity at the center of each sectors. For example, we can divide the cross-section of the duct in the figure below: The velocity will be by calculating the sum: 2.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages The advantages of using pitot-static tube is that it can be inserted in small airstream and it presents little resistance to flow. It is simple, inexpensive and suited for a variety of environmental conditions including extremely high temperatures and a wide range of pressures. The disadvantages would be that if the flow rate is low, the difference in pressures will be too small to accurately measure with the transducer. If the air flow is high (supersonic), assumptions of Bernoullis equation will be violated and thus leading us to wrong measurement. Furthermore, if the tubes are clogged, the reading by the transducer will be inaccurate resulting in dire consequence in the context on airplane. Icing of the pitot tube had caused plane to crash. 2.2 Orifice Plate Orifice plate is used for flow rate measuring in pipe systems. An orifice plate is placed in a pipe containing a fluid flow, which constricts the smooth flow of the fluid inside the pipe. By restricting the flow, the orifice meter causes a pressure drop across the plate. By measuring the difference between the two pressures across the plate, the orifice meter determines the flow rate through the pipe. Figure 2: Orifice Plate in a duct Applying Bernoullis equation to a streamline flowing down the axis of the tube gives, Where, P: pressure à Ã‚ : density of the fluid V: Velocity of the fluid As shown in the above diagram(Figure 2), point 1 is upstream of the orifice, and point 2 is behind the orifice. It is recommended that point 1 be positioned one pipe diameter upstream of the orifice, and point 2 be positioned one-half pipe diameter downstream of the orifice. Since the pressure at 1 will be higher than the pressure at point 2, the pressure difference will be a positive quantity. From continuity equation, the velocities can be replaced by cross-sectional areas of the flow and the volumetric flow rate Q, Where, A: cross sectional area Solving for the volumetric flow rate Q gives, The above equation remains true with perfectly laminar, inviscid flows. As for real flows like water or air, we have to take into account of the viscosity and turbulence that are present .To account for this effect, a discharge coefficient Cd is introduced into the above equation to marginally reduce the flow rate Q, Since the actual flow profile at point 2 downstream of the orifice is quite complicated, the following substitution introducing a flow coefficient Cf is made, Where, Ao: area of the orifice As a result, the volumetric flow rate Q for real flows is given by the equation, The flow coefficient Cf is found from experiments and is tabulated in reference books. It ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 for most orifices. Since it depends on the orifice and pipe diameters (as well as the Reynolds Number), one will often find Cf tabulated versus the ratio of orifice diameter to inlet diameter, sometimes defined as b, The mass flow rate can be found by multiplying Q with the fluid density, There are mainly 3 different types of orifice plates. They are Concentric, Segmental and Eccentric. This is to accommodate for different applications so that the meter has the optimum structure. The density and viscosity of the fluid, and the shape and width of the pipe do influence the choice of plate shape to be used. The concentric orifice is the most common of the 3 types. In this design, the orifice is equidistant. It is generally used for clean liquid and gas flow in pipes under six inches, where Reynolds numbers range from 20, 000 to 107. We will therefore use concentric orifice for our experiment purposes. ( which deals with air). Segmental orifice is similar to concentric orifice with regard to its functioning. The circular section is concentric with the pipe while the segmental part is mounted in a horizontal pipe. This installation helps to eliminate of foreign materials on the upstream side of the orifice. Eccentric orifice plates are designed in such a way that the edge of the orifice is reallocated towards the interior of the pipe wall. It is used in similar manner as the segmental orifice plate. Figure 3 below shows the different types of orifice plates: 2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages With no moving parts and a simple design, the orifice is easily machined. It is low lost and can be easily inserted into a duct or an existing pipeline with a minimum alteration to the layout. Therefore orifice plate has been a popular device for flow measurement. The disadvantage is that it creates a rather large non-recoverable pressure due to the turbulence around the plate, leading to high energy consumption (Foust, 1981). 2.3 Venturi meter Most of the unrecoverable loss of pressure with an orifice is due to the sudden change in the cross sectional area. The sudden increase of area after the air passes the section of minimum area: the rapid convergence of the stream on the upstream side contributes considerably to the total loss. We are able to recover most of the pressure by leading the stream with the use of a conical length of pipe, with its smaller end of the same cross section as the jet, and gradually expanding in size along the direction of flow until the full pipe diameter is reached. An arrangement of this kind, with a conical entry is known as a venturi tube. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746-1822), an Italian physicist. A venturi meter consists of a cylindrical length, a converging length with an included angle of 20o or more, and short parallel throat, and a diverging section with an included angle of about 6o. The internal finishes and proportions are designed in such a way to enable us to achieve the most accurate readings while ensuring minimum head losses. Assuming that the fluid is inviscid with no losses due to viscosity, the velocity at section 1 and 2 are V 1 and V 2 respectively. The velocities are steady and uniform over areas A 1 and A 2 Applying Bernoullis equation to a streamline passing along the axis between the two sections ( 1 2 ). Where, V:Velocity of the fluid P: Pressure à Ã‚ : density of the fluid Z: Height Using continuity equation, Q = A1 V 1 = A 2 V 2 When real world effects such as fluid friction and turbulence are included a correction factor, called the coefficient of discharge, Cd is introduced into the venturi equation giving For low viscosity fluids C d = 0,98. 2.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages The venturi tube introduces substantially lower non-recoverable pressure drops (Foust, 1981). Therefore venture tube can be used on more viscous fluid. However it has limited range ability. It must be used only on installations where the flow rate is well known and varies less than 3 to 1. It is rather expensive and should be flow calibrated to provide accuracy into the range of +/- 1.00%, Units are big and weigh more than comparable head devices and thus making it difficult to install and inspect. 2.4 Anemometer An anemometer, also known as wind vane is a device for measuring the air flow rate in a contained flow such as duct or unconfined flow. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind. In around 1450, the Italian art architect Leon Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer which consisted of a disk placed perpendicular to the wind. To determine the velocity, an anemometer detects change in some physical property of the fluid or the effect of the fluid on a mechanical device inserted into the flow. They are probably best used mounted on light, preferably streamlined, supports and inserted into the airstream from one side. 2.4.1 Cup anemometer This device consists of three or four hemispherical cups mounted at the ends of horizontal spokes which rotates about a low-friction vertical shaft. An electrical device is used to record the revolutions of the cups and measures the air flow rate. (Figure below) As the anemometer is placed inside the flow stream, the concave surfaces of the cups have higher wind resistance than their convex counterparts and thus producing an unbalanced moment with respect to the center axis. This forces the cups to rotate (see schematic). Under steady flow condition, the rotational speed of the anemometer is directly related to the wind speed, that is: V=rw. There are number of fundamental physical parameters and characteristics of an anemometer that affects the cup anemometer performance. They are: rotor arm length cup area rotor inertia drag coefficient on convex face of cup drag coefficient on concave face of cup static, dynamic and parabolic mechanical friction coefficients for temperature range sensitivity characteristic to out-of-plane attack linearised calibration curve. A well designed cup anemometer should have the following characteristics as shown in the Figure 4 below: Let us examine a cup anemometer rotating at speed w in a free wind speed U: The instantaneous aerodynamic torque on the rotor, MA, is given by: where A: frontal area of the anemometer r: the air density Cdv : drag coefficients for the concave faces of cup Cdx drag coefficients for the convex faces of cup In the steady state, there is perfect torque balance (MA=0), and the equation reduces to: defining l and  µ as the speed and drag ratios respectively: allows further re-expression in a quadratic form: Typical values of Cdv and Cdx are 1.4 and 0.4 respectively, giving a value of  µ of 3.5. The above equation predicts that the consequential speed ratio l will be 0.303, meaning the rotor will rotate at about one third of the wind speed. Note that this solution also proves the theoretically linear sensitivity of the cup anemometer to wind speed. It also shows that the speed ratio is dependent on the drag characteristics of the cup and not the size. Furthermore, the rotational speed is inversely proportional to rotor radius. 2.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages The advantages of the cups are their reliability and ruggedness. The disadvantages are the relatively high threshold velocity (the minimum wind velocity needed to start the cups to turn). It is mainly used to only measure the horizontal component of the wind. Another problem with cup anemometry is the different response time for increasing and decreasing wind velocities due to its moment of inertia. This results in an overestimation of wind speed under turbulent wind conditions as present in nature, the so-called over-speeding. Additionally, the rotation of the anemometer causes a wear of bearing and leads to a recalibrations with time. 2.5 Sphere anemometer Many research and studies have gone into the improving of such a device (Cup anemometer). For example, the sphere anemometer. It was developed at the University of Oldenburg. This sphere anemometer, as shown in figure 4 below, is able to measure the air flow rate as well as simultaneous detection of the air flow direction. It eliminates the problem of wear of bearing as encountered in cup anemometer. Figure 5: The sphere anemometer uses the relationship between the point force F acting on the tip of a rod and its resulting deflection s. (1) Where l: the length of the rod E: the elasticity modulus Ja: the second moment of area. In case of the sphere anemometer, with a sphere radius r much bigger than the radius of the rod rR, the force can be assumed to act only on the tip. The second moment of area is then given by (2) Together with the force acting on the sphere (3) where cd: the drag coefficient of the sphere A: the cross section of the sphere ÃŽÂ ¡: the density of air V: the wind velocity Equation 1 becomes (4) Therefore the deflection of the rod is proportional to the drag coefficient cd and the wind velocity squared. For a calibration it is necessary to know how the drag coefficient cd changes with wind velocities. Table 1 below shows the drag coefficient of a sphere plotted against the Reynolds number (Re) (cf [1]). It can be seen that for Reynolds numbers in the range from about 800 to 200000 the change in drag coefficient cd is negligible. For a sphere with a radius r = 40mm this range in Re corresponds to a range in wind velocities from 0.17m/s to 38m/s using where v = 1.51 x 10-5 m2/s is the kinematic viscosity of air. Within this velocity range the deflection s of the rod is directly proportional to the wind velocity squared. With this direct relation it is easy to calibrate the sphere anemometer over a wide range of wind velocities. Table 1: 2.6 Hot wire anemometer Thermal anemometry is the most common method used to measure instantaneous fluid velocity. The technique depends on the convective heat loss to the surrounding fluid from an electrically heated sensing element or probe. If only the fluid velocity varies, then the heat loss can be interpreted as a measure of that variable. Working Principle Its principle application is the measurement of rapid fluctuations, particularly the study of turbulent flow; in this field it is the only instrument with sufficiently rapid response, and the associated electronic equipment lends itself readily to signal processing needed to record directly such properties of a turbulence as r.m.s values, correlation functions, and spectral distributions. Governing equation Consider a thin heated wire mounted to supports and exposed to a velocity U Where, W: power generated by Joule heating (W=I2Rw) Q: heat transferred to surrounding Qi: CwTw=thermal energy stored in wire Cw: heat capacity of wire Tw: wire temperature The wire is heated electrically and placed in the flow stream. The energy balance of the heated wire at equilibrium is (equation 1): Where, I: an electric current Rw: the wire resistance h: the heat transfer coefficient A: the heat transfer area Tw: the wire temperature Tf: the fluid temperature D: wire diameter Kf: heat conductivity of fluid Nu: dimensionless heat transfer In the forced convection regime (0.02 Reynolds number: Re= (where r is the air density and U is the velocity and  µ is the air dynamic viscosity).(equation 2) Where Substituted Eq(2) into Eq(1), There are two types of hot-wire anemometer used in practice but I will touch on Constant Temperature Anemometer which is more commonly used. For a case of Constant Temperature Anemometer Where And The voltage is a measured of velocity U. 2.6.1 Advantages and disadvantages It has good frequency response as it can measure up to several hundred kHz possible. It is able to measure a wide range of velocity. It is small in size and has rapid response.- Thermal anemometry enjoys its popularity because the technique involves the use of very small probes that offer very high spatial resolution. The basic principles of the technique are relatively straightforward and the probes are difficult to damage if reasonable care is taken. However, deposition of impurities in flow on sensor can alter the calibration characteristics and reduce frequency response. Probe may or burnt out easily if not carefully taken care of. It is unable to fully map velocity fields that depend on space coordinates and simultaneously on time. Furthermore, it cannot work well in hostile environment like combustion. The wire diameter needs to be very small of the order of 0.02mm or less. Conclusion In this report, I have touched on the different techniques and different devices for the measurement of airflow. There are many different devices in the market but many use similar techniques with abit of new inventions or add ons here and there. Different airflow measuring devices utilize different technologies and thus, one needs to fully understand the characteristics, techniques and its pros and cons before selecting the optimal one for use. In summary, an ideal device to measure air flow rate should have the following characteristics good signal sensitivity. It should be able to detect output for small changes in velocity. High Frequency Response: to accurately follow transients without any time lag Wide velocity range Create minimal flow disturbance Good Spatial Resolution Inexpensive High Accuracy User friendly

Platypus Envenomation :: Australian Animals Wildlife Essays

Platypus Envenomation Abstract The duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), order Monotrema, can be found throughout river systems in eastern Australia. The males have a retractable spur located on each of their hind legs. The spurs are attached to venom glands that produce a toxic cocktail of at least four different classes of peptides. These four compounds (Hyaluronidase, OvCNP-39, OvNGF, and defensin-like peptides) are highly selective enzymes and polypeptides that work together to inflict excruciating pain and edema that can last for months. The first compound identified, Hyaluronidase, lowers viscosity to allow for a deeper penetration of the venom into tissue. A C-type natriuretic peptide called OvCNP-39 contributes to edema. OvNGF is a nerve growth factor that is responsible for extreme sensitivity to heat and pressure. The role of Defensin-like proteins is not well known, but it is believed that they contribute the pain and edema associated with the venom. An unknown compound has been found to induce Ca++ dependent current in root ganglion cells, which may also contribute to the feeling of pain. Research is being done to identify the roles of these compounds and the possibility of them being used in medicine. Introduction The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a unique animal that is found only in Australia. It is in the class Mammalia and the order Monotrema. Monotremes are phylogenetically the oldest of the mammals and can only be found naturally in Australia and in nearby New Guinea. They are quite different from placentals and marsupials and are believed to be the link between the reptiles and the other mammals. This is most noticeable though their means of reproduction and waste elimination. Montremes have a cloaca, which is a single opening for passage of solid and liquid waste, where the transfer of sperm takes place, and in females, the laying of eggs. This feature is shared only with birds and reptiles. Platypuses live solo, except during the breeding season. They feed on worms and freshwater crayfish (Cheerax destructor) in eastern Australian rivers (Sutherland, 1983). They have low average body temperature compared to other mammals, which further supports their reptilian evolution (Torres et al., 1999). They can live about 16 years and grow to be 40-50 cm long, with males being larger than females (Jackson, 2003). Venom: Production & Delivery A characteristic that helps add even more to the platypus ¡Ã‚ ¯ uniqueness is the males ¡Ã‚ ¯ ability to produce and deliver venom.

Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day

Word Count: 617 Teanna Armstrong Enc 1102 Essay #3 March 11, 2013 Sonnet, Theme, and Structure of â€Å"Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day? † A sonnet’s structure has symbolism and it presents the theme in many poems of Literature. In the poem â€Å"Shall I Compare thee to a Summer’s Day? † by William Shakespeare happens to be a sonnet. To begin with, the sonnet mentioned above is called a Shakespearean sonnet. It is composed of three four-line quatrains and a concluding two-line couplet. Certain components of the author’s point are suggested to be based on its structural patterns; components such as thought and feeling.Meaning this sonnet can introduce the subject in the first quatrain, expand and develop it in the second and third quatrains, and conclude something about it in its final couplet. This whole set up helps the reader to capture the theme; and helps the author to organize the theme. As well as, the sonnet’s structure p lays a key role, other than just being a Shakespeare and sonnet. The structure of the sonnet is strictly constrained, and this one in particular is believed to be a fixed form sonnet. Poems in fixed forms are recognized by their rhyme, meter, and repetition.Furthermore, usually in its opening line the central idea of the poems is expressed. The theme of the poem â€Å"Shall I Compare the to a summer’s day† May be stated as: Can someone, or the subject, really be compared to all the components of a summer after understanding the theme it shows the reader that the sonnet is asking is the subject comparable to a summer’s day, making the structure of the poem easier to understand. To illustrate, the theme is hinted in the first half of the first stanza; which starts the order of the sonnet’s theme. It is clearly indicated that the second line: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s Day? (874) is the question that he will be answering. This question also shows that a comparison will be made. The question that remains is what is being compared to what. This is answered in the second line, which states â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate† (874). This statement shows that Shakespeare is comparing a summer’s day to a person who is more lovely and temperate compared to the day of a summer. Moreover, the structure of this sonnet has setup the central theme for the reader in the first stanza. What lies in the next two stanzas are details and deeper emotions or thoughts to fill the reader’s mind with illusions of the sonnet.These middle stanzas are placed in Shakespearean sonnets for this essential reason. The details in this particular selection creates more compare and contrast examples between that person and a Summer’s day. Although Shakespeare wrote the contrast and compare by explaining all of the Cons of summer in these two stanzas, and in the last two line, also known as the couplet, he tur ns the direction back onto the person he was speaking of to show what the cons were compared to. Not only that, but Shakespeare also showed meaning in this couplet: â€Å"So long as men can breathe†¦ This gives life to thee† (874).The statement stated before is meaning the opposite of what was said in the first two stanzas about the summer. Instead, Shakespeare is indicating that the person will live on through his poem forever unlike a Summer’s day. In Conclusion, many poems have different components that lead the reader to realize the central theme. In sonnets particularly, everything is placed where it should be for a reason. All sonnets have symbolism and presents the theme in many pieces of literature as explained above. . Works Cited 1. Diyanni, Robert. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Unites States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. Print.

Tips Writing a Research Paper on Bullying

Tips Writing a Research Paper on Bullying Tips: Writing a Research Paper on Bullying Freshmen and students in their first year in high school often fall prey to bullies. Reports obtained from educational institutions indicate that bullying persists even in the modern era. It is not known why people bully others, but it can be concluded that a bully is likely to have an underlying psychological condition that triggers the bullying behavior. On a different perspective, bullying is not only rampant in schools, but has also been reported in family settings. This is mainly witnessed in families where the income is so meager that it cannot support the children that comprise that family. Bullying in families takes a mild form. For example, the eldest sibling taking care of the younger ones might serve himself bigger food portions, leaving the rest to share some insufficient quantity. In the same manner, bullying within the family might be seen where the elder siblings force younger ones to wash their clothes for them, clean their rooms, and run errands for them. All this time, the parents might not be aware that such things are happening. From these examples, it can be gathered that writing a research paper on bullying can be fascinating. Nevertheless, as is common with a fascinating research topic, it is possible to drift out of the point and write an irrelevant essay. Therefore, a number of handy tips that guide and control the writing of a research paper exist. Tip number one involves the definition of key terms. The writer must not assume that every reader knows what bullying is. It is always good to begin any essay with a definition of the topic and the key words that will feature prominently in that essay. Examples of key words that a writer must try to include in an essay on bullying are coercion, threat, and victim among many others. The definition of key phrases and words will be followed by a synopsis about the pervasiveness of bullying in social settings. In this section, the writer will give a statistical background into the major forms of bullying in schools and families, as well as in other social settings where the trend has been observed. After this, the reader will select one situation where bullying has been observed to be notorious. A critical exposition of the situation will be given. This will call for profound information concerning the factors that trigger bullying, and the responses that have been implemented with respect to the behavior. The research paper is not complete if the writer fails to take in the documented effects that have resulted from acts of bullying. Similarly, the writer must outline the positive results that have been generated by the said responses, if there are any. As with any other paper, it is good to conclude the essay with a set of suggested actions the writer feels would aid in deterring bullies. An obvious but imperative tip is to proofread your paper to ascertain that there are no grammatical or typing errors. research paper writing service will provide you with a high-quality customized research project on Bullying topics and ideas. Just fill in the order form with your details.

Vaccination Vs. The Anti-Vaccination Movement Professor Ramos Blog

Vaccination Vs. The Anti-Vaccination Movement https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1OGTUVOkamHCp7UrG7sgZCj-v4p9vXmYO0NQh3NF4v0g/edit?usp=sharing

Work Release Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work Release Programs - Essay Example 2. A negative group of conditions, if the offender has these conditions then he is not qualified for the work release program (FDC, n.d.). The conditions to get involved in the program 1. The remaining time for the offender to finish his service time in prison is one year and a quarter or less, and there is ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.).2. The percentage of the spent time in service in prison is at least "85%" of the total time he should spend, and that is when there is no ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.). The conditions that cause disqualification 1. The offender is "convicted of sexual battery pursuant to s.794.011 F.S." (FDC, n.d.). 2. If the offender's current service in prison is the "fourth" at least. Any sentences from any other state will be counted (FDC, n.d.). 3. The offender escaped from a prison within "five years" before (FDC, n.d.). 4. If the offender "detainer filed against him/her". But in some cases this condition could be removed from the offender under some circumstances (FDC, n.d.). Under what circumstances a detain file could be ignored 1. The authority who is responsible for the detain procedures doesn't put the procedures in progress or doesn't approve it, and allows the offender to get involved in the program (FDC, n.d.). 2. If the offender has to pay money to terminate the detain procedure. If the offender joined a work release program he will be able to pay any necessary costs (FDC, n.d.).3. The offender's participation in a work release program was canceled "on his current commitment...A positive group of conditions, if the offender has these conditions then he is qualified for the work release program (FDC, n.d.). 1. The remaining time for the offender to finish his service time in prison is one year and a quarter or less, and there is ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.). 2. The percentage of the spent time in service in prison is at least "85%" of the total time he should spend, and that is when there is no ability for the authority to extend his service time (FDC, n.d.). The program aims to ensure security in community. The program also intends to provide good treatment and surveillance for the offenders. The final target of the program for the offenders is to change them from negative individuals to positive individuals, and that's to reconnect them to the public community and their families. The department in fact is trying to treat offenders as people who need help, not as people who need punishment (FDC, n.d.). The main problem that faces applying this work release program is that the offenders could escape during their participation in the program.

Strategic Planning for International Travel Essay

Strategic Planning for International Travel - Essay Example In the "Strategic planning for international travel" essay, the author describes the prevailing situation in the travel industry in the United Kingdom. The importance of International travel, infrastructure and public-private partnership for UK International Travel are described. Most of the European countries belong to the category of developed nation, and the countries like United Kingdom (UK), France, Germany, Italy etc are the major economic powers. As this paper deals with the international travel of UK, the focus will be on this country. European nations are economically and technically developed and hence, their transportation and travel system are quite advanced. UK is one of the leading financial powers of Europe. Its GDP as per purchasing power is nearly $2.189 trillion and per capita GDP is recorded $35,100 during 2010 (CIA, 2011). After the financial crisis of 2007-2008, its economic growth has experienced a steep downfall. However, UK’s economy is now at its recov ering stage and government is trying to bring further developments by encouraging trade and business. Tours and travels is an important aspect for the growth of trade and business and hence, the government is trying to improve its infrastructure and technology for availing better transportation system. The services industries are playing very crucial role in UK as 75% of its GDP is contributed by these services sectors. UK’s services industries include a number of sectors like transport, communication, financial, distribution, distribution, tourism etc. (U.S. Department of State, 2010). Increases trade and business activities in UK have necessitated major infrastructural and